Wholesale Energy 101
Structure
Wholesale electricity prices are cleared through the Independent System Operator of New England [ISO-NE] on an hourly basis, by regions referred to as "Load Zones". Each state in New England represents a Load Zone, with the exception of MA which includes three Load Zones indicative of the Northeast, Southeast, and Western-central portions of the state.
Pricing
The regional hourly price is referred to as a Locational-based Marginal Price or "LMP", as the cost of each hourly LMP is determined by the "marginal" cost of output by the power generators in the respective Load Zone. The LMP can be purchased on either a "Real-Time" basis [RT] or "Day-Ahead" basis [DA], each option resulting in different hourly values for power.
As a retail consumer, there are three components to your billed hourly cost of supply service:
- The hourly RT or DA LMP, increased by the amount of
- LINE LOSS of your utility distribution company, which is the amount of energy lost between the power plant and your meter, and then added to
- The cost of ANCILLARY and ADMINISTRATIVE SERVICES, which are associated with guaranteeing and biling for the delivery of power you purchased at the time that power will be needed.
Some Simple Facts
It doesn't pay to guess... Over a 5+ year period, most consumers who purchase their own supply contracts do not average a price that is less expensive than their alternative utility rate. Any savings made in one or two years is typically given back to the market over time due to lack of market expertise, strategy and poor timing.
When purchasing a fixed-forward rate contract, you have the following probability of locking into the best rate for the contract term:
1 Year Contract = 1/365 Chance
2 Year Contract = 1/730 Chance
3 Year Contract = 1/1095 Chance
4 Year Contract = 1/1460 Chance
5 Year Contract = 1/1825 Chance
These three components are calculated for each hour of the month, averaged out to one weighted average price for the month, and then billed to you at month end by a competitive power marketer. As a rule of thumb, the cost of line loss and ancillary/administrative services equates to roughly $.01/kWh for the average commercial consumer. Hence, if the hourly LMP eqals $.060/kWh...your billed cost for supply service will equal roughly $.060/kWh + $.01/kWh = $.070/kWh.